ANTIBIOTICS
Aminoglycosides – bacteriocidal in action, by inhibiting protein synthesis in strains of gram-negative bacteria, therefore destabilizing the cell membrane.
Side effects include auditory nerve damage, tinnitus, deafness, renal toxicity.
Amikacin Tobramycin
Gentamicin Kanamycin
Streptomycin Neomycin
Cephalosporins (Cef.......) – bacteriocidal and bacteriostatic, prevent cell wall stability when the bacteria divide.
Side effects include cross-sensitivity to a person who is allergic to penicillin, GI effects, and nephrotoxicity.
cefaclor cefadroxil
cefazolin cefdinir
cefditoren cefepime
cefotaxime cefotetan
cefoxitin ceftazadime
cefpoxidime cefprozil
ceftibuten ceftriaxone
cefuroxime cefhalexin
cefhapirin lorcarbef
Flouriquinolones – bactericidal, by interfering with DNA enzymes necessary for bacterial reproduction.
Side effects include GI distress, inhibiting bone growth, and neurotoxicity with CNS symptoms, i.e. lowers the seizure threshold.
ciprofloxacin gatifloxacin
gemifloxicin levofloxacin
lomefloxacin moxifloxacin
norfloxacin ofloxacin
sparfloxacin trovafloxacin
Macrolides – interfere with protein synthesis in bacteria.
Side effects include GI distress, and pseudomembranous colitis, and neurotoxicity with CNS symptoms.
erythromycin
azithromycin
clarithromycin
dirithromycin
Lincosamides – similar to macrolides but more toxic.
Side effects include bone marrow depression and pain, and toxic colitis
clindamycin and lincomycin – used for resistant organisms
Monobactam Antibiotics – disrupts the cell wall and causes cell death by leakage.
Side effects include GI distress, hepatic enzyme elevation, allergic response to someone who is anaphylactic to penicillins.
aztreonam
Penicillins (....cin’s) – Bactericidal by interfering with bacterial cell wall reproduction.
Side effects include GI distress, sore mouth, furry tongue, rash, anaphylaxis.
amoxicillin ampicillin
carbenicillin PCN –G –benthazine
PCN-G – potassium PCN –G – procaine
PCN – V
pipercillin ticarcillin
Penicillinase Resistant Antibiotics –bactericidal by same mechanisms but better fit for drug resistant organisms that produce penicillinase.
dicloxicillin
nafcillin
oxacillin
Sulfonamides – bacteriostatic byblocking PABA, thereby inhibiting folic acid synthesis (which is necessary for replication of purines and pyrimidines), precursors of RNA and DNA; becoming less used as bacteria are becoming more resistant.
Side effects are GI, rash, birth defects.
cotrimoxazole
sulfazadine
sulfasalazine
sulfasoxazole
sulfadiazine
Tetracyclines (....cline’s) - = “four rings”, bacteriocidal by inhibiting protein synthesis.
Side effects; disturbed bone and tooth growth, enamel formation, GI effects, and hepatic toxicity. Wide-spectrum antibiotics
demeclocycline doxycycline
minocycline oxytetracycline
tetracycline
Anti-mycobacterial antibiotics – bactericidal by DNA inhibition
Anti-Tuberculosis drugs – need to be used for at least six months to 2 years to be effective. This is because mycobacterium take so long to grow and replicate.
capreomycin cycloserine
ethambutol ethionamide
isoniazid (INH) pyrazinamide
rifampin - + INH = liver toxicity rifapentine
streptomycin – common anaphylaxis after the first dose has sensitized the pt.
Anti-mycobacterial antibiotics – bactericidal and bacteriostatic Leprostatic Drugs – antibiotics used to treat leprosy and other skin diseases
dapsone – used for PCP pneumonia, leprosy, skin infections, and recluse bites.
clofazimine – used for dapsone - resistant leprosy
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